Standardisation Issues

Traditional Methods Create Operator Dependency

Traditional PCR analysis suffers from fundamental standardisation problems that compromise reproducibility. End-users can change thermocycler software settings, leading to variations between runs and operators. Manual threshold placement introduces subjective bias, while inconsistent baseline settings create run-to-run variations even with identical samples.

THE PCR.AI API HAS ZERO SETTINGS PER RUN - ONCE TRAINED (PER TARGET), RESULTS ARE 100% REPEATABLE.

Traditional Methods Create **Operator Dependency**

Bundled Cycler Software: Just a fraction of the settings that can vary between runs and operators

False Positives Problems

Linear Rises and High Noise Artifacts

PCR curves are normally assumed to be flat, but some devices/assays can cause continual linear rises, even in negative controls. Traditional threshold methods incorrectly call these positive. Additionally, curves exhibit high noise spikes due to chemistry issues, instrument problems, or user-related factors. Noisy negatives can pass thresholds, leading to false positive results.

THE PCR.AI API AVOIDS HIGH-NOISE (LOW SNR) FALSE POSITIVES.

Linear Rises and **High Noise Artifacts**

Linear increase false positive: Traditional threshold methods incorrectly call gradual rises as positive amplification

High Noise Spikes

Traditional Methods Cannot Handle Artifacts

Curves can exhibit dramatic noise spikes that cross threshold lines, creating false positive calls. These artifacts result from chemistry problems, instrument malfunctions, or environmental factors. Traditional threshold-based systems cannot distinguish between genuine amplification signals and these transient noise events. The AI recognizes spike patterns and filters them as artifacts rather than true amplification.

Traditional Methods **Cannot Handle Artifacts**

Noise spike artifacts: High-frequency spikes that confuse traditional threshold algorithms

False Negatives Challenges

Incorrect CT Placement Misses True Positives

CT can be incorrectly placed due to controls or other factors, causing individual samples to get incorrect results. This leads to CTs that are far too high or too low, causing clinical errors. Traditional threshold-based methods rely on single crossing points that can be affected by noise, baseline variations, and instrument calibration issues.

THE PCR.AI API DOES NOT USE THRESHOLDS TO DETERMINE CT; IT USES MORE RELIABLE PARAMETER EXTRACTION METHODS.

Incorrect CT Placement **Misses True Positives**

CT correction example: Incorrect thermocycler software CT being corrected in real-time by PCR.AI

Curve Morphology Issues

Not All 'Late CTs' are Identical

Curves with similar CTs can have vastly different shapes that conventional methods cannot differentiate. Traditional threshold analysis treats all curves crossing at the same cycle as equivalent, regardless of curve morphology. However, identical CT values can represent genuine exponential amplification, inhibited reactions, or false positive artifacts. The shape of the curve reveals the true nature of the amplification event that CT alone cannot distinguish.

Not All **'Late CTs' are Identical**

Same CT, different results: Identical threshold crossing but completely different curve morphologies reveal different amplification patterns

External Validation

More Information & Clinical References

Independent studies and clinical references that validate the limitations of traditional PCR analysis methods and demonstrate the superiority of AI-powered curve analysis.

Clinical References:

1. NHS Kings College London - "Potential pitfalls in analysing a SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR assay and how to standardise data interpretation"

Comprehensive analysis of traditional PCR analysis pitfalls and standardisation challenges in clinical diagnostics

2. NHS Glasgow - "Examples of clinical problems with threshold analyses"

Real-world clinical examples demonstrating the limitations and errors introduced by traditional threshold-based PCR analysis methods

PCR.AI Clinical Studies (NHS):

1. 2024 - NHS PCR.AI Quantitative Multiplex study

Clinical validation of PCR.AI for quantitative multiplex real-time PCR testing, demonstrating superior accuracy and efficiency compared to manual expert review

2. 2019 - NHS PCR.AI Qualitative Multiplex study

Foundational study using PCR.AI in parallel to manual methods by NHS Glasgow for over 20,000 real-time PCR results, showing greater accuracy than double specialist review